diff --git a/.vscode/launch.json b/.vscode/launch.json
index 238c8c0..a05d1f5 100755
--- a/.vscode/launch.json
+++ b/.vscode/launch.json
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@
                     "--no-run",
                     "--lib",
                     "--package=lyra-ecs",
-                    "world::tests::view_change_tracking",
+                    "command::tests::deferred_commands",
                     "--",
                     "--exact --nocapture"
                 ],
diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 448879d..4f54a87 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -1456,7 +1456,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "paste",
  "rand",
  "thiserror",
- "unique",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1520,7 +1519,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "lyra-ecs",
  "lyra-math",
  "lyra-reflect-derive",
- "lyra-resource",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2688,12 +2686,6 @@ version = "0.2.4"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "f962df74c8c05a667b5ee8bcf162993134c104e96440b663c8daa176dc772d8c"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "unique"
-version = "0.9.1"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "d360722e1f3884f5b14d332185f02ff111f771f0c76a313268fe6af1409aba96"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "urlencoding"
 version = "2.1.3"
diff --git a/lyra-ecs/Cargo.toml b/lyra-ecs/Cargo.toml
index fe1e97f..47643c8 100644
--- a/lyra-ecs/Cargo.toml
+++ b/lyra-ecs/Cargo.toml
@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@ lyra-ecs-derive = { path = "./lyra-ecs-derive" }
 lyra-math = { path = "../lyra-math", optional = true }
 anyhow = "1.0.75"
 thiserror = "1.0.50"
-unique = "0.9.1"
 paste = "1.0.14"
 
 [dev-dependencies]
diff --git a/lyra-ecs/src/command.rs b/lyra-ecs/src/command.rs
index d487d7c..137f8f1 100644
--- a/lyra-ecs/src/command.rs
+++ b/lyra-ecs/src/command.rs
@@ -1,26 +1,30 @@
-use std::{cell::RefMut, collections::VecDeque, mem, ptr::{self, NonNull}};
-
-use unique::Unique;
+use std::{any::Any, cell::RefMut, collections::VecDeque, ptr::{self, NonNull}};
 
 use crate::{system::FnArgFetcher, Access, Bundle, Entities, Entity, World};
 
-pub trait Command {
+pub trait Command: Any {
+    fn as_any_boxed(self: Box<Self>) -> Box<dyn Any>;
+
     fn run(self, world: &mut World) -> anyhow::Result<()>;
 }
 
 impl<F> Command for F
 where
-    F: FnOnce(&mut World) -> anyhow::Result<()>
+    F: FnOnce(&mut World) -> anyhow::Result<()> + 'static
 {
+    fn as_any_boxed(self: Box<Self>) -> Box<dyn Any> {
+        self
+    }
+
     fn run(self, world: &mut World) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
         self(world)
     }
 }
 
-type RunCommand = unsafe fn(cmd: Unique<()>, world: &mut World) -> anyhow::Result<()>;
+type RunCommand = unsafe fn(cmd: Box<dyn Command>, world: &mut World) -> anyhow::Result<()>;
 
 #[derive(Default)]
-pub struct CommandQueue(VecDeque<(RunCommand, Unique<()>)>);
+pub struct CommandQueue(VecDeque<(RunCommand, Box<dyn Command>)>);
 
 pub struct Commands<'a, 'b> {
     queue: &'b mut CommandQueue,
@@ -36,31 +40,26 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Commands<'a, 'b> {
     }
 
     /// Add a command to the end of the command queue
-    pub fn add<C: Command>(&mut self, mut cmd: C) {
-        // get an owned pointer to the command, then forget it to ensure its destructor isn't ran
-        let ptr = Unique::from(&mut cmd).cast::<()>();
-        mem::forget(cmd);
+    pub fn add<C: Command>(&mut self, cmd: C) {
+        let cmd = Box::new(cmd);
 
-        let run_fn = |cmd_ptr: Unique<()>, world: &mut World| unsafe {
-            let cmd = cmd_ptr.cast::<C>();
-            let cmd = ptr::read(cmd.as_ptr());
+        let run_fn = |cmd: Box<dyn Command>, world: &mut World| {
+            let cmd = cmd.as_any_boxed()
+                .downcast::<C>()
+                .unwrap();
+            
             cmd.run(world)?;
 
             Ok(())
         };
 
-        self.queue.0.push_back((run_fn, ptr));
+        self.queue.0.push_back((run_fn, cmd));
     }
 
-    pub fn spawn<B: Bundle>(&mut self, mut bundle: B) -> Entity {
+    pub fn spawn<B: Bundle + 'static>(&mut self, bundle: B) -> Entity {
         let e = self.entities.reserve();
 
-        let bundle_ptr = Unique::from(&mut bundle);
-        mem::forget(bundle);
-        //let bundle_box = Box::new(bundle);
-        
         self.add(move |world: &mut World| {
-            let bundle = unsafe { ptr::read(bundle_ptr.as_ptr()) };
             world.spawn_into(e, bundle);
             Ok(())
         });
@@ -101,7 +100,7 @@ impl FnArgFetcher for Commands<'_, '_> {
         let world = unsafe { world_ptr.as_mut() };
 
         let mut cmds = Commands::new(&mut state, world);
-        // safety: Commands has a mut borrow to entities in the world
+        // safety: Commands has a mut borrow only to entities in the world
         let world = unsafe { world_ptr.as_mut() };
         cmds.execute(world).unwrap()
     }
@@ -111,4 +110,41 @@ pub fn execute_deferred_commands(world: &mut World, mut commands: RefMut<Command
     commands.execute(world)?;
 
     Ok(())
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use std::ptr::NonNull;
+
+    use crate::{system::{GraphExecutor, IntoSystem}, tests::Vec2, Commands, DynTypeId, World};
+
+    #[test]
+    fn deferred_commands() {
+        let mut world = World::new();
+        let vecs = vec![Vec2::rand(), Vec2::rand(), Vec2::rand()];
+        world.spawn((vecs[0],));
+        world.spawn((vecs[1],));
+        world.spawn((vecs[2],));
+
+        let spawned_vec = Vec2::rand();
+        
+        let spawned_vec_cl = spawned_vec.clone();
+        let test_sys = move |mut commands: Commands| -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+            commands.spawn((spawned_vec_cl.clone(),));
+
+            Ok(())
+        };
+
+        let mut graph_exec = GraphExecutor::new();
+        graph_exec.insert_system("test", test_sys.into_system(), &[]);
+        graph_exec.execute(NonNull::from(&world), true).unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(world.entities.len(), 4);
+        
+        // there's only one archetype
+        let arch = world.archetypes.values().next().unwrap();
+        let col = arch.get_column(DynTypeId::of::<Vec2>()).unwrap();
+        let vec2: &Vec2 = unsafe { col.get(3) };
+        assert_eq!(vec2.clone(), spawned_vec);
+    }
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lyra-ecs/src/entity.rs b/lyra-ecs/src/entity.rs
index 7fefa67..b12e04f 100644
--- a/lyra-ecs/src/entity.rs
+++ b/lyra-ecs/src/entity.rs
@@ -35,7 +35,6 @@ impl Entities {
                 e
             }
             None => {
-                println!("id is {}", self.next_id.0);
                 let new_id = self.next_id;
                 self.next_id.0 += 1;
 
@@ -47,6 +46,11 @@ impl Entities {
         }
     }
 
+    /// Returns the number of spawned entities
+    pub fn len(&self) -> usize {
+        self.next_id.0 as usize - self.dead.len()
+    }
+
     /// Retrieves the Archetype Record for the entity
     pub(crate) fn entity_record(&self, entity: Entity) -> Option<Record> {
         self.arch_index.get(&entity.id).cloned()
diff --git a/lyra-ecs/src/system/fn_sys.rs b/lyra-ecs/src/system/fn_sys.rs
index 4252db7..856ce16 100644
--- a/lyra-ecs/src/system/fn_sys.rs
+++ b/lyra-ecs/src/system/fn_sys.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
-use std::{ptr::NonNull, marker::PhantomData};
+use std::{any::Any, marker::PhantomData, ptr::NonNull};
 
-use unique::Unique;
 use paste::paste;
 use crate::{world::World, Access, ResourceObject, query::{Query, View, AsQuery, ResMut, Res}};
 
@@ -12,7 +11,6 @@ pub trait FnArgFetcher {
     
     type Arg<'a, 'state>: FnArgFetcher<State = Self::State>;
 
-    //fn new() -> Self;
     fn create_state(world: NonNull<World>) -> Self::State;
 
     /// Return the appropriate world access if this fetcher gets the world directly.
@@ -40,7 +38,7 @@ pub struct FnSystem<F, Args> {
     inner: F,
     //#[allow(dead_code)]
     //args: Args,
-    arg_state: Option<Vec<Unique<()>>>,
+    arg_state: Option<Vec<Box<dyn Any>>>,
     _marker: PhantomData<Args>,
 }
 
@@ -60,10 +58,8 @@ macro_rules! impl_fn_system_tuple {
                     paste! {
                         $(
                             // get the arg fetcher, create its state, and get the arg
-                            
                             let mut [<state_ $name:lower>]: $name::State = $name::create_state(world);
                             let [<$name:lower>] = $name::get(&mut [<state_ $name:lower>], world);
-                            
                         )+
                         
                         (self.inner)($( [<$name:lower>] ),+)?;
@@ -71,9 +67,8 @@ macro_rules! impl_fn_system_tuple {
                         let mut state = Vec::new();
                         $(
                             // type erase the now modified state, and store it
-                            let [<state_ $name:lower _ptr>] = Unique::from(&mut [<state_ $name:lower>]);
-                            std::mem::forget([<state_ $name:lower>]);
-                            state.push([<state_ $name:lower _ptr>].cast::<()>());
+                            let boxed = Box::new([<state_ $name:lower>]) as Box<dyn Any>;
+                            state.push(boxed);
                         )+
 
                         self.arg_state = Some(state);
@@ -84,41 +79,22 @@ macro_rules! impl_fn_system_tuple {
             }
 
             fn execute_deferred(&mut self, world: NonNull<World>) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+                let state = self.arg_state.as_mut().expect("Somehow there was no state");
+
                 $(
-                    let s = self.arg_state.as_mut().expect("Somehow there was no state").pop().unwrap();
-                    let s = unsafe { std::ptr::read(s.cast::<$name::State>().as_ptr()) };
-                    $name::apply_deferred(s, world);
+                    let arg_state_box = state.pop()
+                        .expect("Missing expected arg state");
+                    let arg_state = *arg_state_box.downcast::<$name::State>()
+                        .unwrap();
+                    $name::apply_deferred(arg_state, world);
                 )+
 
                 Ok(())
             }
         }
 
-        /* impl<F, $($name: FnArg,)+> IntoSystem<($($name,)+)> for F
-        where
-        /* for <'a> &'a mut F:
-            FnMut($($name,)+) -> anyhow::Result<()>,
-            FnMut($(<$name::Fetcher as FnArgFetcher>::Arg<'a, '_>,)+) -> anyhow::Result<()>, */
-            F: FnMut($($name,)+) -> anyhow::Result<()>,
-            F: for<'a> FnMut($(<$name::Fetcher as FnArgFetcher>::Arg<'a, '_>,)+) -> anyhow::Result<()>,
-        {
-            type System = FnSystem<F, ($($name::Fetcher,)+)>;
-
-            fn into_system(self) -> Self::System {
-                FnSystem {
-                    //args: ($($name::Fetcher::new(),)+),
-                    inner: self,
-                    arg_state: None,
-                    _marker: PhantomData::<($($name::Fetcher,)+)>::default(),
-                }
-            }
-        } */
-
         impl<F, $($name: FnArgFetcher,)+> IntoSystem<($($name,)+)> for F
         where
-        /* for <'a> &'a mut F:
-            FnMut($($name,)+) -> anyhow::Result<()>,
-            FnMut($(<$name::Fetcher as FnArgFetcher>::Arg<'a, '_>,)+) -> anyhow::Result<()>, */
             F: FnMut($($name,)+) -> anyhow::Result<()>,
             F: for<'a> FnMut($($name::Arg<'a, '_>,)+) -> anyhow::Result<()>,
         {
@@ -126,7 +102,6 @@ macro_rules! impl_fn_system_tuple {
 
             fn into_system(self) -> Self::System {
                 FnSystem {
-                    //args: ($($name::Fetcher::new(),)+),
                     inner: self,
                     arg_state: None,
                     _marker: PhantomData::<($($name,)+)>::default(),
diff --git a/lyra-ecs/src/world.rs b/lyra-ecs/src/world.rs
index 9e56991..1c89301 100644
--- a/lyra-ecs/src/world.rs
+++ b/lyra-ecs/src/world.rs
@@ -93,7 +93,6 @@ impl World {
             let entity_arch_id = archetype.add_entity(entity, bundle, &tick);
 
             // store archetype
-            println!("About to store arch, cap is {}, len is {}", self.archetypes.capacity(), self.archetypes.len());
             self.archetypes.insert(new_arch_id, archetype);
 
             // Create entity record and store it